• Anti-Spam Policy
  • Copyright Notice
  • DMCA Compliance
  • Earnings Disclaimer
  • Fair Use Disclaimer
  • FTC Compliance
  • Privacy Policy
  • Social Media Disclaimer
  • Terms and Conditions
NewYorkDailyNewsOnline.com
  • Home
  • US News
    John Stamos Reveals Why He Was ‘Angry’ That Olsen Twins Didn’t Return For ‘Fuller House’

    John Stamos Reveals Why He Was ‘Angry’ That Olsen Twins Didn’t Return For ‘Fuller House’

    McDonald’s is upgrading its burgers

    McDonald’s is upgrading its burgers

    State Farm stops accepting home insurance applications in California: ‘Difficult place to do business’

    State Farm stops accepting home insurance applications in California: ‘Difficult place to do business’

    Ed Ames, Ames Brothers’ Singer And ‘Daniel Boone’ Star, Dies At 95

    Ed Ames, Ames Brothers’ Singer And ‘Daniel Boone’ Star, Dies At 95

    Opinion: Why millionaires like us want to pay more in taxes

    Opinion: Why millionaires like us want to pay more in taxes

  • Politics
    Watch: NBA Superstar Reveals What Really Matters After Being Asked if Fatherhood Has Helped His Game | The Gateway Pundit

    Watch: NBA Superstar Reveals What Really Matters After Being Asked if Fatherhood Has Helped His Game | The Gateway Pundit

    Kevin McCarthy Thanks Biden As He Spins Debt Limit Defeat

    Kevin McCarthy Thanks Biden As He Spins Debt Limit Defeat

    Biden CBP Denies Government is Providing Financial Support to Illegal Immigrants, Gets Immediately Slapped With Fact Checks

    Biden CBP Denies Government is Providing Financial Support to Illegal Immigrants, Gets Immediately Slapped With Fact Checks

    White House and Republicans Each Release Debt Ceiling Talking Points to Sell Deal | The Gateway Pundit

    White House and Republicans Each Release Debt Ceiling Talking Points to Sell Deal | The Gateway Pundit

  • Business
    Dave Burt, a ‘Big Short’ investor, fears flood risk is fueling a housing price bubble

    Dave Burt, a ‘Big Short’ investor, fears flood risk is fueling a housing price bubble

    Beverly Hills Voters Stymie LVMH Plans to Expand U.S. Hotel Business

    Beverly Hills Voters Stymie LVMH Plans to Expand U.S. Hotel Business

    Congress to debate Biden-McCarthy debt-ceiling deal

    Congress to debate Biden-McCarthy debt-ceiling deal

    Deputy USTR on U.S.-China trade, China tariffs

    Deputy USTR on U.S.-China trade, China tariffs

  • Technology
    45 Best Memorial Day Outdoor Deals: Tents, Camp Chairs, and More

    45 Best Memorial Day Outdoor Deals: Tents, Camp Chairs, and More

    Ford EVs will have Tesla DNA and Waymo’s robotaxis are coming to Uber

    Ford EVs will have Tesla DNA and Waymo’s robotaxis are coming to Uber

    The Quest to Use Quantum Mechanics to Pull Energy out of Nothing

    The Quest to Use Quantum Mechanics to Pull Energy out of Nothing

    Startups should absolutely work with governments to support defense projects

    Startups should absolutely work with governments to support defense projects

  • Science
    Social Media Can Harm Kids. Could New Regulations Help?

    Social Media Can Harm Kids. Could New Regulations Help?

    Nanoscale robotic ‘hand’ made of DNA could be used to detect viruses

    Nanoscale robotic ‘hand’ made of DNA could be used to detect viruses

    Antarctic Sea Ice Is at Record Lows. Is It an Alarming Shift?

    Antarctic Sea Ice Is at Record Lows. Is It an Alarming Shift?

    What Is Paxlovid Rebound, and How Common Is It?

    What Is Paxlovid Rebound, and How Common Is It?

  • Books
    ROGUE JUSTICE | Kirkus Reviews

    ROGUE JUSTICE | Kirkus Reviews

    Book Censorship News, May 26, 2023

    Book Censorship News, May 26, 2023

    TRANSFORMATIVE GRIEF | Kirkus Reviews

    TRANSFORMATIVE GRIEF | Kirkus Reviews

    Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for May 28, 2023

    Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for May 28, 2023

  • Film
    The Old Oak – first-look review

    The Old Oak – first-look review

    ‘Little Mermaid’ Box Office Swimming to $118M-Plus Opening – The Hollywood Reporter

    ‘Little Mermaid’ Box Office Swimming to $118M-Plus Opening – The Hollywood Reporter

    10 Most Satisfying Horror Movie Deaths

    10 Most Satisfying Horror Movie Deaths

    Justine Triet’s Anatomy of a Fall wins the 2023 Palme d’Or

    Justine Triet’s Anatomy of a Fall wins the 2023 Palme d’Or

  • Music
    BLACKPINK’s Jennie talks working with Lily-Rose Depp

    BLACKPINK’s Jennie talks working with Lily-Rose Depp

    Iron Maiden Play ‘Alexander the Great’ Live for First Time Ever

    Iron Maiden Play ‘Alexander the Great’ Live for First Time Ever

    Keanu Reeves’ ’90s Band Dogstar Makes Live Return at BottleRock

    Keanu Reeves’ ’90s Band Dogstar Makes Live Return at BottleRock

    Beyoncé Brings Out Blue Ivy for Choreographed Dance at Paris Show: Watch

    Beyoncé Brings Out Blue Ivy for Choreographed Dance at Paris Show: Watch

  • Television
    ‘Somebody Somewhere’ Season 2 Finale Recap: Bridget Everett Interview

    ‘Somebody Somewhere’ Season 2 Finale Recap: Bridget Everett Interview

    Fatal Attraction Season Finale Review: Who Killed Alex?

    Fatal Attraction Season Finale Review: Who Killed Alex?

    ‘American Idol’ Runner-Up Megan Danielle Addresses Rigging Accusations

    ‘American Idol’ Runner-Up Megan Danielle Addresses Rigging Accusations

    Why Did Mrs. Maisel’s Luke Kirby Only Appear in 2 Season 5’s Episodes?

    Why Did Mrs. Maisel’s Luke Kirby Only Appear in 2 Season 5’s Episodes?

  • Style
    All of Taylor Swift’s Eras Tour Outfits So Far

    All of Taylor Swift’s Eras Tour Outfits So Far

    How Often Should You Really Be Showering

    How Often Should You Really Be Showering

    How to Remove Pills From Clothes

    How to Remove Pills From Clothes

    All About Lily-Rose Depp’s Girlfriend 070 Shake

    All About Lily-Rose Depp’s Girlfriend 070 Shake

  • Contact
    • About
  • Home
  • US News
    John Stamos Reveals Why He Was ‘Angry’ That Olsen Twins Didn’t Return For ‘Fuller House’

    John Stamos Reveals Why He Was ‘Angry’ That Olsen Twins Didn’t Return For ‘Fuller House’

    McDonald’s is upgrading its burgers

    McDonald’s is upgrading its burgers

    State Farm stops accepting home insurance applications in California: ‘Difficult place to do business’

    State Farm stops accepting home insurance applications in California: ‘Difficult place to do business’

    Ed Ames, Ames Brothers’ Singer And ‘Daniel Boone’ Star, Dies At 95

    Ed Ames, Ames Brothers’ Singer And ‘Daniel Boone’ Star, Dies At 95

    Opinion: Why millionaires like us want to pay more in taxes

    Opinion: Why millionaires like us want to pay more in taxes

  • Politics
    Watch: NBA Superstar Reveals What Really Matters After Being Asked if Fatherhood Has Helped His Game | The Gateway Pundit

    Watch: NBA Superstar Reveals What Really Matters After Being Asked if Fatherhood Has Helped His Game | The Gateway Pundit

    Kevin McCarthy Thanks Biden As He Spins Debt Limit Defeat

    Kevin McCarthy Thanks Biden As He Spins Debt Limit Defeat

    Biden CBP Denies Government is Providing Financial Support to Illegal Immigrants, Gets Immediately Slapped With Fact Checks

    Biden CBP Denies Government is Providing Financial Support to Illegal Immigrants, Gets Immediately Slapped With Fact Checks

    White House and Republicans Each Release Debt Ceiling Talking Points to Sell Deal | The Gateway Pundit

    White House and Republicans Each Release Debt Ceiling Talking Points to Sell Deal | The Gateway Pundit

  • Business
    Dave Burt, a ‘Big Short’ investor, fears flood risk is fueling a housing price bubble

    Dave Burt, a ‘Big Short’ investor, fears flood risk is fueling a housing price bubble

    Beverly Hills Voters Stymie LVMH Plans to Expand U.S. Hotel Business

    Beverly Hills Voters Stymie LVMH Plans to Expand U.S. Hotel Business

    Congress to debate Biden-McCarthy debt-ceiling deal

    Congress to debate Biden-McCarthy debt-ceiling deal

    Deputy USTR on U.S.-China trade, China tariffs

    Deputy USTR on U.S.-China trade, China tariffs

  • Technology
    45 Best Memorial Day Outdoor Deals: Tents, Camp Chairs, and More

    45 Best Memorial Day Outdoor Deals: Tents, Camp Chairs, and More

    Ford EVs will have Tesla DNA and Waymo’s robotaxis are coming to Uber

    Ford EVs will have Tesla DNA and Waymo’s robotaxis are coming to Uber

    The Quest to Use Quantum Mechanics to Pull Energy out of Nothing

    The Quest to Use Quantum Mechanics to Pull Energy out of Nothing

    Startups should absolutely work with governments to support defense projects

    Startups should absolutely work with governments to support defense projects

  • Science
    Social Media Can Harm Kids. Could New Regulations Help?

    Social Media Can Harm Kids. Could New Regulations Help?

    Nanoscale robotic ‘hand’ made of DNA could be used to detect viruses

    Nanoscale robotic ‘hand’ made of DNA could be used to detect viruses

    Antarctic Sea Ice Is at Record Lows. Is It an Alarming Shift?

    Antarctic Sea Ice Is at Record Lows. Is It an Alarming Shift?

    What Is Paxlovid Rebound, and How Common Is It?

    What Is Paxlovid Rebound, and How Common Is It?

  • Books
    ROGUE JUSTICE | Kirkus Reviews

    ROGUE JUSTICE | Kirkus Reviews

    Book Censorship News, May 26, 2023

    Book Censorship News, May 26, 2023

    TRANSFORMATIVE GRIEF | Kirkus Reviews

    TRANSFORMATIVE GRIEF | Kirkus Reviews

    Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for May 28, 2023

    Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for May 28, 2023

  • Film
    The Old Oak – first-look review

    The Old Oak – first-look review

    ‘Little Mermaid’ Box Office Swimming to $118M-Plus Opening – The Hollywood Reporter

    ‘Little Mermaid’ Box Office Swimming to $118M-Plus Opening – The Hollywood Reporter

    10 Most Satisfying Horror Movie Deaths

    10 Most Satisfying Horror Movie Deaths

    Justine Triet’s Anatomy of a Fall wins the 2023 Palme d’Or

    Justine Triet’s Anatomy of a Fall wins the 2023 Palme d’Or

  • Music
    BLACKPINK’s Jennie talks working with Lily-Rose Depp

    BLACKPINK’s Jennie talks working with Lily-Rose Depp

    Iron Maiden Play ‘Alexander the Great’ Live for First Time Ever

    Iron Maiden Play ‘Alexander the Great’ Live for First Time Ever

    Keanu Reeves’ ’90s Band Dogstar Makes Live Return at BottleRock

    Keanu Reeves’ ’90s Band Dogstar Makes Live Return at BottleRock

    Beyoncé Brings Out Blue Ivy for Choreographed Dance at Paris Show: Watch

    Beyoncé Brings Out Blue Ivy for Choreographed Dance at Paris Show: Watch

  • Television
    ‘Somebody Somewhere’ Season 2 Finale Recap: Bridget Everett Interview

    ‘Somebody Somewhere’ Season 2 Finale Recap: Bridget Everett Interview

    Fatal Attraction Season Finale Review: Who Killed Alex?

    Fatal Attraction Season Finale Review: Who Killed Alex?

    ‘American Idol’ Runner-Up Megan Danielle Addresses Rigging Accusations

    ‘American Idol’ Runner-Up Megan Danielle Addresses Rigging Accusations

    Why Did Mrs. Maisel’s Luke Kirby Only Appear in 2 Season 5’s Episodes?

    Why Did Mrs. Maisel’s Luke Kirby Only Appear in 2 Season 5’s Episodes?

  • Style
    All of Taylor Swift’s Eras Tour Outfits So Far

    All of Taylor Swift’s Eras Tour Outfits So Far

    How Often Should You Really Be Showering

    How Often Should You Really Be Showering

    How to Remove Pills From Clothes

    How to Remove Pills From Clothes

    All About Lily-Rose Depp’s Girlfriend 070 Shake

    All About Lily-Rose Depp’s Girlfriend 070 Shake

  • Contact
    • About
No Result
View All Result
NewYorkDailyNewsOnline.com
No Result
View All Result
Home Science

Dolphins Rub against Mucus-Oozing Corals to Soothe Skin

by admin
May 20, 2022
in Science
Dolphins Rub against Mucus-Oozing Corals to Soothe Skin



Like humans, dolphins sometimes suffer from irritated skin. But instead of lathering on soothing lotion, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in the northern Red Sea head for the nearest coral reef. As if they were patrons at a popular spa, the dolphins line up to rub themselves against corals and sponges.

And some of these organisms may do more than just scratch a dolphin’s itch. In a new study published on Thursday in iScience, an international team of researchers discovered that the mucus oozing from some of the involved corals and sponges is loaded with antibacterial compounds and other potentially beneficial substances. The team posits that the local dolphins congregate near these useful invertebrates to actively treat skin infections.

Although rubbing behavior has also been observed in other cetaceans, such as orcas and beluga whales, examples of dolphins rubbing themselves on corals are rare. This is why the dolphins that frequent reefs off the Egyptian coast have garnered so much attention from researchers and tourists alike and have even starred in an episode of the BBC documentary Blue Planet II.

The unusual behavior is more complex than it initially appears, says study co-author Angela Ziltener, a marine biologist at the University of Zurich, who has monitored roughly 360 bottlenose dolphins in the Red Sea since 2009. “When I was diving in the Red Sea, I observed the dolphins doing this really unique behavior with [certain] corals, and I kept wondering, ‘What’s going on?’” she says.

The dolphins seem to be picky when it comes to choosing corals and sponges. They also appear to only rub specific areas of their body on particular specimens. More sensitive areas are scratched with bushy stalks of the soft gorgonian coral Rumphella aggregata—a practice researchers have appropriately termed “gorgoning”—whereas hardened areas, such as the head and tail fluke, are scraped on the wrinkled surface of a species of leather coral in the genus Sarcophyton and a species of stiff sea sponge in the genus Ircinia.

After observing the dolphins under the waves for more than a decade, Ziltener thought there must be something special about these corals and sponges. “There are so many other corals there that they ignore completely,” she says. “There seemed to be a relationship between these corals and sponges and the dolphins.”

To examine this relationship, Ziltener and her colleagues zeroed in on one aspect of the interaction that seemed to impact both creatures: mucus. As the dolphins grind against the corals and sponges, the friction causes the disturbed coral polyps to ooze fluid that sometimes stains the dolphins’ skin bright yellow or green. The researchers even observed one eager dolphin ripping a patch of leather coral off the reef and shaking the coral in its mouth—like a dog with a chew toy—apparently to cause mucus to seep out.

To examine the molecular makeup of the mucus, the researchers collected small samples of gorgonian coral, leather coral and Ircinia sponges from two reefs that serve as dolphin hubs. Back on the boat, the scientists put the samples on ice before sending them to the lab of Gertrud Morlock, an analytic chemist at Germany’s Justus Liebig University Giessen and lead author on the new study. After running the samples through multiple tests, Morlock and her colleagues identified 17 metabolic compounds that combatted multiple strains of bacteria, prevented some damaging cellular processes and balanced hormones in the dolphins’ skin.

The researchers suggest that the dolphins deliberately use these corals and sponges to cover infected areas of skin with the gooey, metabolite-packed mucus, much like a human applying ointment to soothe a rash. If this hypothesis is correct, it would add dolphins to a growing list of self-medicating animals. In the wild world of animal medication, known as zoopharmacognosy, various creatures ranging from great apes to insects utilize natural remedies to stay healthy. Examples include chimpanzees known to scarf down noxious leaves to aid digestion and fruit flies that ingest alcohol to rid themselves of deadly parasites.

Bruno Díaz López, a researcher at Spain’s Bottlenose Dolphin Research Institute, who was not involved with the study, says more behavioral work is needed before coral-scraping dolphins can join the proved ranks of self-medicating animals. In his own research, Lopez has observed dolphins enthusiastically rubbing against stones and submerged shipping lines—and even each other. “We really don’t know yet what is in the dolphin’s mind when they do this behavior,” Lopez says. “It could just be self-pleasure, like a bear scratching its back against a tree.” The metabolite-packed coral mucus, he adds, may simply be an unintended by-product of a dolphin’s natural urge to rub.

Ziltener agrees that more proof of deliberate self-treatment is required, but she says that the new findings are an intriguing step. “We needed to show that these corals and sponges have antibacterial substances to make this connection,” she says. “Now we need to continue to observe the dolphins under the water.”



Sign up for Scientific American’s free newsletters.





Original Source Link

Previous Post

Behind Riley Keough, Gina Gammell’s Indigenous Lakota Story – The Hollywood Reporter

Next Post

How to Get Started Biking

admin

admin

Next Post
How to Get Started Biking

How to Get Started Biking

Twitter Shuts Down Account Posting All Of Trump’s Truth Social Messages

Twitter Shuts Down Account Posting All Of Trump's Truth Social Messages

Madison Cawthorn Tantrums And Vows To Expose GOP National Figures After Primary Loss

Madison Cawthorn Tantrums And Vows To Expose GOP National Figures After Primary Loss

PopularPosts

Report: Democrats Are Increasingly Considering Challenging Biden in 2024

Report: Democrats Are Increasingly Considering Challenging Biden in 2024

July 20, 2022
Grafana open sources its on-call management tool – TechCrunch

Grafana open sources its on-call management tool – TechCrunch

June 14, 2022
California investigators identify suspect in 1988 cold case

California investigators identify suspect in 1988 cold case

May 18, 2022
Ivanka Trump Rats Our Her Dad And Brothers In Fraud Case

Ivanka Trump Rats Our Her Dad And Brothers In Fraud Case

March 9, 2023
16 Best Gaming Mice and Mousepads (2022): Wireless, Wired, and Under $50

16 Best Gaming Mice and Mousepads (2022): Wireless, Wired, and Under $50

October 17, 2022
Report: BlockFi being valued at less than $500M on leaked Morgan Creek call

Report: BlockFi being valued at less than $500M on leaked Morgan Creek call

June 30, 2022
Genius Dog 336 x 280 - Animated

Categories

  • Books (2,264)
  • Business (3,100)
  • Events (10)
  • Film (3,075)
  • Interviews (8)
  • Music (3,120)
  • Politics (3,049)
  • Science (2,500)
  • Style (2,407)
  • Technology (3,054)
  • Television (3,117)
  • Uncategorized (1)
  • US News (3,106)

RecentPosts

Social Media Can Harm Kids. Could New Regulations Help?

Social Media Can Harm Kids. Could New Regulations Help?

by admin
May 29, 2023

This week Surgeon General Vivek H. Murthy released a warning...

ROGUE JUSTICE | Kirkus Reviews

ROGUE JUSTICE | Kirkus Reviews

by admin
May 29, 2023

by Max Brooks ‧ RELEASE DATE: June 16, 2020 Are...

The Old Oak – first-look review

The Old Oak – first-look review

by admin
May 29, 2023

The Old Oak – first-look review About Little White Lies...

‘Somebody Somewhere’ Season 2 Finale Recap: Bridget Everett Interview

‘Somebody Somewhere’ Season 2 Finale Recap: Bridget Everett Interview

by admin
May 29, 2023

A big wedding is approaching on Somebody Somewhere, but unfortunately...

All of Taylor Swift’s Eras Tour Outfits So Far

All of Taylor Swift’s Eras Tour Outfits So Far

by admin
May 29, 2023

Taylor Swift is known for planning out her work to...

BLACKPINK’s Jennie talks working with Lily-Rose Depp

BLACKPINK’s Jennie talks working with Lily-Rose Depp

by admin
May 29, 2023

BLACKPINK‘s Jennie has opened up about working with Lily-rose Depp...

Editor's Picks

Apple MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2022) Review: The Confused Mac

Apple MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2022) Review: The Confused Mac

June 23, 2022
1923: Yellowstone Prequel Unveils a New Generation of Duttons

1923: Yellowstone Prequel Unveils a New Generation of Duttons

September 8, 2022
Luck Trailer Offers First Look at Apple, Skydance Movie – The Hollywood Reporter

Luck Trailer Offers First Look at Apple, Skydance Movie – The Hollywood Reporter

July 7, 2022

Browse by Category

  • Books (2,264)
  • Business (3,100)
  • Events (10)
  • Film (3,075)
  • Interviews (8)
  • Music (3,120)
  • Politics (3,049)
  • Science (2,500)
  • Style (2,407)
  • Technology (3,054)
  • Television (3,117)
  • Uncategorized (1)
  • US News (3,106)

Don't Miss!

Apple MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2022) Review: The Confused Mac

Apple MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2022) Review: The Confused Mac

June 23, 2022
1923: Yellowstone Prequel Unveils a New Generation of Duttons

1923: Yellowstone Prequel Unveils a New Generation of Duttons

September 8, 2022
Luck Trailer Offers First Look at Apple, Skydance Movie – The Hollywood Reporter

Luck Trailer Offers First Look at Apple, Skydance Movie – The Hollywood Reporter

July 7, 2022

© 2022 Copyright - NewYorkDailyNewsOnline.com - All Rights Reserved

No Result
View All Result
  • Home
  • US News
  • Politics
  • Business
  • Technology
  • Science
  • Books
  • Film
  • Music
  • Television
  • Style
  • Contact
    • About

© 2022 Copyright - NewYorkDailyNewsOnline.com - All Rights Reserved

We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. By clicking “Accept All”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent.
Cookie SettingsAccept All
Manage consent

Privacy Overview

This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience.
Necessary
Always Enabled
Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously.
CookieDurationDescription
cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-functional11 monthsThe cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-others11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.
cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".
viewed_cookie_policy11 monthsThe cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data.
Functional
Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features.
Performance
Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors.
Analytics
Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc.
Advertisement
Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads.
Others
Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet.
SAVE & ACCEPT